Polling across Germany, France, Spain, Poland and Hungary on where clean-energy technology should be made and the trade-offs voters will accept.
View the full polling deckBetween 6 and 13 July 2026, Focaldata surveyed 5,407 adults across Germany, France, Spain, Poland and Hungary for Loom. The poll follows Loom’s Dependence report, which mapped the risks created by Europe’s reliance on China for clean-energy technology, and asked what trade-offs people would accept to reduce that reliance.
Alongside direct questions, respondents completed a choice experiment: eight choices between pairs of energy strategies with different household bills, places of manufacture, domestic jobs, security of supply for defence and rollout speeds.
Household energy bills had the strongest influence on people’s choices overall. Where clean-energy technology is made came second, ahead of domestic jobs. Where it is made ranked among the two strongest factors in every country except Hungary, and outweighed lower bills in France and Poland.
Attribute importance measures how much each factor influenced people’s choices: the percentage-point difference between its most and least preferred option. These figures are not shares of respondents. Full sample, n=5,407.
Asked how Europe should respond to dependence on China for clean-energy technology, respondents backed domestic production by wide margins. Abandoning clean energy was opposed on balance.
Share supporting or opposing each response. Based on respondents who had not seen the information summary (n=2,733); ‘don’t know’ excluded from percentages.
Net support for building at home remained positive in all five countries, for a slower rollout and for higher short-term costs. Among party families, only populist-right voters supported abandoning clean energy because of dependence on balance.
Net support is the share supporting domestic production minus the share opposing it, by country. Based on respondents who had not seen the information summary (n=2,733); ‘don’t know’ excluded.
Domestic production was preferred to production in Europe and allied democracies in Spain, France, Poland and Hungary. In Germany, the two were essentially level. Chinese production at the cheapest price was the least preferred option in every country.
Estimated chance that an energy strategy is chosen, depending on where its technology is made, by country. The dashed line at 50% marks no effect on choice. Full choice-experiment sample, n=5,407.
Respondents rated new artificial intelligence (AI), defence or energy trade deals most positively with European neighbours and allied democracies. China scored +10; Russia scored −38.
Net acceptability equals the share rating a deal 7–10 minus the share rating it 0–3. Combined five-country sample, n=5,407. ‘Don’t know’ excluded.
Seventy-five per cent were concerned that the United States could use tariffs or export controls against EU industry in response to Europe’s use of Chinese technology, the highest result among the six risks tested. In Hungary, concern was close to neutral on most measures.
Share concerned about each risk. Based on respondents who had not seen the information summary (n=2,733); ‘don’t know’ excluded from percentages.
Loom’s earlier Dependence report ranked US retaliation among the two highest risks from reliance on Chinese low-carbon technology, measured by likelihood and impact.
Share naming China as Europe’s main supplier of each technology. Full sample, n=5,407. The shares measure perception, and actual reliance differs by technology: China dominates Europe’s supply of solar panels and battery cells, while Europe’s wind turbines are made mainly by European manufacturers, with China’s role concentrated in components and materials.
Half the sample saw a short factual summary of China’s role in clean-energy supply chains. Compared with respondents who did not see it, their concern was higher, while support for building at home was almost unchanged.
Support
Concern
Net scores are the share positive minus the share negative. No-summary group n=2,733; summary group n=2,674. Different respondents were assigned to each group.
See every question, national breakdown and methodological note in the full polling deck.
View the full polling deckFocaldata surveyed 5,407 adults aged 18 and over in Germany, France, Spain, Poland and Hungary between 6 and 13 July 2026. National samples were Germany 1,087, France 1,004, Spain 1,118, Poland 1,135 and Hungary 1,063. Results were weighted separately in each country by age, gender, education, region and past vote. The survey used online non-probability samples, so a conventional margin of error does not apply.
The survey included a choice-based conjoint experiment, with eight paired forced-choice tasks across five attributes, and a split-sample information experiment. One group answered without additional information (n=2,733); the other saw a short factual summary of China’s role in clean-energy supply chains first (n=2,674).
Attribute importance is the difference in marginal means between the most and least preferred level of each attribute. Sourcing results show marginal means for each option. Concern and support/oppose figures use the no-summary group and exclude ‘don’t know’; conjoint and trade-partner figures use the full sample.
Source: Focaldata · © Loom Strategy Centre 2026